In 1605, thirteen young men planned to blow up
the Houses of Parliament. 
Among them was 
Guy Fawkes, Britain's most notorious traitor.  
After Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, English Catholics who had been 
persecuted under her rule had hoped that her successor, James I, would be more 
tolerant of their religion. James I had, after all, had a Catholic mother. 
Unfortunately, James did not turn out to be more tolerant than Elizabeth and a 
number of young men, 13 to be exact, decided that violent action was the answer. 
A small group took shape, under the leadership of Robert Catesby. Catesby 
felt that violent action was warranted. Indeed, the thing to do was to blow up 
the Houses of Parliament. In doing so, they would kill the King, maybe even the 
Prince of Wales, and the Members of Parliament who were making life difficult 
for the Catholics. Today these conspirators would be known as extremists, or 
terrorists. 
To 
carry out their plan, 
the conspirators got hold 
of 36 barrels of gunpowder - and stored them in a cellar, just under the House 
of Lords. 
But as the group worked on the plot
, it became clear that 
innocent people would be hurt or killed in the attack, including some people who 
even fought for more rights for Catholics. Some of the plotters started having 
second thoughts. One of the group members even sent an anonymous letter warning 
his friend, Lord Monteagle, to stay away from the Parliament on November 5th.
 Was the letter real? 
The warning letter reached the King, and the King's forces made plans to stop 
the conspirators. 
Guy Fawkes, who was in the cellar of the 
parliament with the 36 barrels of gunpowder when the authorities stormed it in 
the early hours of November 5th, was caught, tortured and executed. 
It's unclear if the conspirators would ever have been able to pull off their 
plan to blow up the Parliament even if they had not been betrayed. Some have 
suggested that the gunpowder itself was so old as to be useless. Since Guy 
Fawkes and the other conspirators got caught before trying to ignite the powder, 
we'll never know for certain. 
Even for the period which was notoriously unstable, the Gunpowder Plot struck 
a very profound chord for the people of England. In fact, even today, the 
reigning monarch only enters the Parliament once a year, on what is called "the 
State Opening of Parliament". Prior to the Opening, and according to custom, the 
Yeomen of the Guard search the cellars of the Palace of Westminster. Nowadays, 
the Queen and Parliament still observe 
this tradition.
On the very night that the Gunpowder Plot was foiled, on November 5th, 1605, 
bonfires were set alight to celebrate the safety of the King. Since then, 
November 5th has become known as 
Bonfire Night. The 
event is commemorated every year with fireworks and burning effigies of Guy 
Fawkes on a bonfire.
Some of the English have been known to wonder, in a tongue in cheek kind of 
way, whether they are celebrating Fawkes' execution or honoring his attempt to 
do away with the government
For 400 years, bonfires have burned
on November 5th to 
mark the failed Gunpowder Plot.  
 
The tradition of Guy Fawkes-related bonfires actually began the very same 
year as the failed coup. The Plot was foiled in the night between the 4th and 
5th of November 1605. Already on the 5th, agitated Londoners who knew little 
more than that their King had been saved, joyfully lit bonfires in thanksgiving. 
As years progressed, however, the ritual became more elaborate. 
Soon, people began placing effigies onto bonfires, and fireworks were added 
to the celebrations. Effigies of Guy Fawkes, and sometimes those of the Pope, 
graced the pyres. Still today, some communities throw dummies of both Guy Fawkes 
and the Pope on the bonfire (and even those of a contemporary politician or 
two), although the gesture is seen by most as a quirky tradition, rather than an 
expression of hostility towards the Pope. 
Preparations for Bonfire Night celebrations include making a dummy of Guy 
Fawkes, which is called "the Guy". Some children even keep up an old tradition 
of walking in the streets, carrying "the Guy" they have just made, and beg 
passersby for "a penny for the Guy." The kids use the money to buy fireworks for 
the evening festivities. 
On the night itself, Guy is placed on top of the bonfire, which is then set 
alight; and fireworks displays fill the sky. 
The extent of the celebrations and the size of the bonfire varies from one 
community to the next. Lewes, in the South East of England, is famous for its 
Bonfire Night festivities and consistently attracts thousands of people each 
year to participate.
Bonfire Night is not only celebrated in Britain. The tradition crossed the 
oceans and established itself in the British colonies during the centuries. It 
was actively celebrated in New England as "Pope Day" as late as the 18th 
century. Today, November 5th bonfires still light up in far out places like New 
Zealand and Newfoundland in Canada.